The idea is to think of the engine as a big air pump and a bunch of plumbing to route that air.
Plumbing before the air enters the engine, a path through the engine snd then plumbing once the air exits the engine.
All along the air’s path, the restriction to more power is always at the narrowest pipe or piece of plunging.
So one could have a large TB, but if it’s a small tube coming from air intake, the restriction is the intake tube, not the TB.
And, because air flow is critically important it is checked at several places by the computer.
Mass air sensor on entry, air fuel ratio and throttle mapping in the engine, and O2 sensors in the exhaust.
Because of all these checks, if you are buying or getting something that is advertised as not requiring a tune or is installed and does not throw engine check codes without a tune, you should seriously question the gains or benefits from these parts.
No codes means not much has changed to the air fuel mixture. Everything is still within the pre modification parameters. Basically these parts are not bringing much change.
When you are investing money, the need for a tune is a good thing.
It means there will be significant change.
Not just a placebo affect.
Trevor’s advice is good above.
Best initial bang for buck is CAI and tune.
Exhaust helps too but it has to eliminate restriction as mentioned above.
So a set of mufflers, cat back or axle back, is not enough.
Those don’t require a tune.
You have to think long tube headers and free flowing mid pipes to eliminate restrictions.
Those require a tune.
Otherwise you’re just changing the sound of the car, and not much or any performance gains.
It’s up to each individual to determine goals and then work and budget toward that.
Power is not cheap.
Just changing one piece somewhere in the system may not do much because all the rest of the restrictions are still in place.
Once you enter the rabbit hole, you may need to change the plumbing or air path from one end to the other to get meaningful gains and make that one piece in the middle matter.
Happy investing all.